Reproducible research based on open-access papers

Publishing a paper on reproducible research without making it easy for
readers to read the references would defeat the point. Of course we have to
make some compromises with some journals' reluctance to shift towards the
free world, but to satisfy scientific ethics, we should at least provide
clickable URLs to the references, preferably to the ArXiv version if
available [1], and also to the DOI, again, preferably to an open-access
version of the URL if available.

I was not able to fully get this done in the .bst file, so there's an
sed/tr hack done to the .bbl file in `reproduce/analysis/make/paper.mk` to
tidy up commas and spaces.

This commit also reverts some of the hacks in the Akhlaghi IAU Symposium
`tex/src/references.tex` entry, to match the improved .bst file,
`tex/src/IEEEtran_openaccess.bst`, provided here with a different name to
the original, in order to satisfy the LaTeX licence.

[1] https://cosmo.torun.pl/blog/arXiv_refs

5 files changed, 2509 insertions, 3 deletions

diff --git a/paper.tex b/paper.tex
index f9f09f8..d07f435 100644
--- a/paper.tex
+++ b/paper.tex
@@ -509,7 +509,7 @@ The Pozna\'n Supercomputing and Networking Center (PSNC) computational grant 314
 
 
 %% Bibliography
-\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}
+\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran_openaccess}
 \bibliography{IEEEabrv,references}
 
 %% Biography
diff --git a/reproduce/analysis/make/paper.mk b/reproduce/analysis/make/paper.mk
index a216370..08fd766 100644
--- a/reproduce/analysis/make/paper.mk
+++ b/reproduce/analysis/make/paper.mk
@@ -99,12 +99,29 @@ $(texbdir)/paper.bbl: tex/src/references.tex $(mtexdir)/dependencies-bib.tex \
 	    ln -s $$p/tex/src/references.tex $(texbdir)/references.bib
 	  fi
 
+          # Copy the improved IEEE bst file into the build directory.
+          # The improved bst file provides ArXiv clickable URLs and
+          # if available, open-access URLs based on the DOIs, with
+          # closed-access URLs as a fallback, via https://oadoi.org .
+	  cp -pv $$p/tex/src/IEEEtran_openaccess.bst $(texbdir)
+
           # We'll run LaTeX first to generate the `.bcf' file (necessary
           # for `biber') and then run `biber' to generate the `.bbl' file.
 	  export TEXINPUTS=$$p:
 	  cd $(texbdir);
 	  latex -shell-escape -halt-on-error $$p/paper.tex
 	  bibtex paper
+          # Hack: tidy up eprint+doi style that didn't work in .bst file.
+          # TODO (better): read Part 4 of
+          # http://mirrors.ctan.org/info/bibtex/tamethebeast/ttb_en.pdf
+          # and fix the .bst style properly.
+	  cp paper.bbl paper-tmp.bbl \
+	    && sed -e "s/\'/EOLINE/g" paper-tmp.bbl \
+	    | tr -d '\n' \
+	    | sed -e 's/\([0-9]\)\( \|EOLINE\)}/\1}/g' \
+	    | sed -e 's/\([^,]\) *\( \|EOLINE\) *\\eprint/\1, \\eprint/g' \
+	    | sed -e 's/\([^,]\) *\( \|EOLINE\) *\\doi/\1, \\doi/g' \
+	    | sed -e 's/EOLINE/\n/g' > paper.bbl
 	  latex -shell-escape -halt-on-error $$p/paper.tex
 	fi
 
diff --git a/tex/src/IEEEtran_openaccess.bst b/tex/src/IEEEtran_openaccess.bst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..800dfbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tex/src/IEEEtran_openaccess.bst
@@ -0,0 +1,2484 @@
+%%
+%% IEEEtran_openaccess.bst
+%% BibTeX Bibliography Style file for IEEE Journals and Conferences (unsorted)
+%% Copyright (c) 2003-2015 Michael Shell
+%% Copyright (c) 2020 Boud Roukema for additions of \eprint and \doi rules.
+%% Based on IEEEtran.bst Version 1.14 (2015/08/26).
+%%
+%% WARNING: 2020-05-24: The \eprint and \doi rules are not quite right;
+%% some sed/tr hacks are needed in post-processing for a neat result.
+%%
+%% USAGE: The \eprint and \doi LaTeX commands must be supplied in the main
+%% LaTeX files, e.g. to ArXiv and an open-access DOI (oadoi) resolver:
+%% \newcommand\eprint[1]{\href{https://arXiv.org/abs/#1}{{arXiv:#1}}}
+%% \newcommand\doi[1]{\href{https://oadoi.org/#1}{{DOI:#1}}}
+%%
+%%
+%% IEEEtrans.bst version:
+%% Version 1.14 (2015/08/26)
+%%
+%% Copyright (c) 2003-2015 Michael Shell
+%%
+%% Original starting code base and algorithms obtained from the output of
+%% Patrick W. Daly's makebst package as well as from prior versions of
+%% IEEE BibTeX styles:
+%%
+%% 1. Howard Trickey and Oren Patashnik's ieeetr.bst  (1985/1988)
+%% 2. Silvano Balemi and Richard H. Roy's IEEEbib.bst (1993)
+%%
+%% Support sites:
+%% http://www.michaelshell.org/tex/ieeetran/
+%% http://www.ctan.org/pkg/ieeetran
+%% and/or
+%% http://www.ieee.org/
+%%
+%% For use with BibTeX version 0.99a or later
+%%
+%% This is a numerical citation style.
+%%
+%%*************************************************************************
+%% Legal Notice:
+%% This code is offered as-is without any warranty either expressed or
+%% implied; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+%% FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE!
+%% User assumes all risk.
+%% In no event shall the IEEE or any contributor to this code be liable for
+%% any damages or losses, including, but not limited to, incidental,
+%% consequential, or any other damages, resulting from the use or misuse
+%% of any information contained here.
+%%
+%% All comments are the opinions of their respective authors and are not
+%% necessarily endorsed by the IEEE.
+%%
+%% This work is distributed under the LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL)
+%% ( http://www.latex-project.org/ ) version 1.3, and may be freely used,
+%% distributed and modified. A copy of the LPPL, version 1.3, is included
+%% in the base LaTeX documentation of all distributions of LaTeX released
+%% 2003/12/01 or later.
+%% Retain all contribution notices and credits.
+%% ** Modified files should be clearly indicated as such, including  **
+%% ** renaming them and changing author support contact information. **
+%%*************************************************************************
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% DEFAULTS FOR THE CONTROLS OF THE BST STYLE %%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+% These are the defaults for the user adjustable controls. The values used
+% here can be overridden by the user via IEEEtranBSTCTL entry type.
+
+% NOTE: The recommended LaTeX command to invoke a control entry type is:
+%
+%\makeatletter
+%\def\bstctlcite{\@ifnextchar[{\@bstctlcite}{\@bstctlcite[@auxout]}}
+%\def\@bstctlcite[#1]#2{\@bsphack
+%  \@for\@citeb:=#2\do{%
+%    \edef\@citeb{\expandafter\@firstofone\@citeb}%
+%    \if@filesw\immediate\write\csname #1\endcsname{\string\citation{\@citeb}}\fi}%
+%  \@esphack}
+%\makeatother
+%
+% It is called at the start of the document, before the first \cite, like:
+% \bstctlcite{IEEEexample:BSTcontrol}
+%
+% IEEEtran.cls V1.6 and later does provide this command.
+
+
+
+% #0 turns off the display of the number for articles.
+% #1 enables
+FUNCTION {default.is.use.number.for.article} { #1 }
+
+
+% #0 turns off the display of the paper and type fields in @inproceedings.
+% #1 enables
+FUNCTION {default.is.use.paper} { #1 }
+
+
+% #0 turns off the display of urls
+% #1 enables
+FUNCTION {default.is.use.url} { #1 }
+
+
+% #0 turns off the forced use of "et al."
+% #1 enables
+FUNCTION {default.is.forced.et.al} { #0 }
+
+
+% The maximum number of names that can be present beyond which an "et al."
+% usage is forced. Be sure that num.names.shown.with.forced.et.al (below)
+% is not greater than this value!
+% Note: There are many instances of references in IEEE journals which have
+% a very large number of authors as well as instances in which "et al." is
+% used profusely.
+FUNCTION {default.max.num.names.before.forced.et.al} { #10 }
+
+
+% The number of names that will be shown with a forced "et al.".
+% Must be less than or equal to max.num.names.before.forced.et.al
+FUNCTION {default.num.names.shown.with.forced.et.al} { #1 }
+
+
+% #0 turns off the alternate interword spacing for entries with URLs.
+% #1 enables
+FUNCTION {default.is.use.alt.interword.spacing} { #1 }
+
+
+% If alternate interword spacing for entries with URLs is enabled, this is
+% the interword spacing stretch factor that will be used. For example, the
+% default "4" here means that the interword spacing in entries with URLs can
+% stretch to four times normal. Does not have to be an integer. Note that
+% the value specified here can be overridden by the user in their LaTeX
+% code via a command such as:
+% "\providecommand\BIBentryALTinterwordstretchfactor{1.5}" in addition to
+% that via the IEEEtranBSTCTL entry type.
+FUNCTION {default.ALTinterwordstretchfactor} { "4" }
+
+
+% #0 turns off the "dashification" of repeated (i.e., identical to those
+% of the previous entry) names. The IEEE normally does this.
+% #1 enables
+FUNCTION {default.is.dash.repeated.names} { #1 }
+
+
+% The default name format control string.
+FUNCTION {default.name.format.string}{ "{f.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" }
+
+
+% The default LaTeX font command for the names.
+FUNCTION {default.name.latex.cmd}{ "" }
+
+
+% The default URL prefix.
+FUNCTION {default.name.url.prefix}{ "[Online]. Available:" }
+
+
+% Other controls that cannot be accessed via IEEEtranBSTCTL entry type.
+
+% #0 turns off the terminal startup banner/completed message so as to
+% operate more quietly.
+% #1 enables
+FUNCTION {is.print.banners.to.terminal} { #1 }
+
+
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% FILE VERSION AND BANNER %%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+FUNCTION{bst.file.version} { "1.14" }
+FUNCTION{bst.file.date} { "2015/08/26" }
+FUNCTION{bst.file.website} { "http://www.michaelshell.org/tex/ieeetran/bibtex/" }
+
+FUNCTION {banner.message}
+{ is.print.banners.to.terminal
+     { "-- IEEEtran.bst version" " " * bst.file.version *
+       " (" * bst.file.date * ") " * "by Michael Shell." *
+       top$
+       "-- " bst.file.website *
+       top$
+       "-- See the " quote$ * "IEEEtran_bst_HOWTO.pdf" * quote$ * " manual for usage information." *
+       top$
+     }
+     { skip$ }
+   if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {completed.message}
+{ is.print.banners.to.terminal
+     { ""
+       top$
+       "Done."
+       top$
+     }
+     { skip$ }
+   if$
+}
+
+
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% STRING CONSTANTS %%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+FUNCTION {bbl.and}{ "and" }
+FUNCTION {bbl.etal}{ "et~al." }
+FUNCTION {bbl.editors}{ "eds." }
+FUNCTION {bbl.editor}{ "ed." }
+FUNCTION {bbl.edition}{ "ed." }
+FUNCTION {bbl.volume}{ "vol." }
+FUNCTION {bbl.of}{ "of" }
+FUNCTION {bbl.number}{ "no." }
+FUNCTION {bbl.in}{ "in" }
+FUNCTION {bbl.pages}{ "pp." }
+FUNCTION {bbl.page}{ "p." }
+FUNCTION {bbl.chapter}{ "ch." }
+FUNCTION {bbl.paper}{ "paper" }
+FUNCTION {bbl.part}{ "pt." }
+FUNCTION {bbl.patent}{ "Patent" }
+FUNCTION {bbl.patentUS}{ "U.S." }
+FUNCTION {bbl.revision}{ "Rev." }
+FUNCTION {bbl.series}{ "ser." }
+FUNCTION {bbl.standard}{ "Std." }
+FUNCTION {bbl.techrep}{ "Tech. Rep." }
+FUNCTION {bbl.mthesis}{ "Master's thesis" }
+FUNCTION {bbl.phdthesis}{ "Ph.D. dissertation" }
+FUNCTION {bbl.st}{ "st" }
+FUNCTION {bbl.nd}{ "nd" }
+FUNCTION {bbl.rd}{ "rd" }
+FUNCTION {bbl.th}{ "th" }
+
+
+% This is the LaTeX spacer that is used when a larger than normal space
+% is called for (such as just before the address:publisher).
+FUNCTION {large.space} { "\hskip 1em plus 0.5em minus 0.4em\relax " }
+
+% The LaTeX code for dashes that are used to represent repeated names.
+% Note: Some older IEEE journals used something like
+% "\rule{0.275in}{0.5pt}\," which is fairly thick and runs right along
+% the baseline. However, the IEEE now uses a thinner, above baseline,
+% six dash long sequence.
+FUNCTION {repeated.name.dashes} { "------" }
+
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% PREDEFINED STRING MACROS %%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+MACRO {jan} {"Jan."}
+MACRO {feb} {"Feb."}
+MACRO {mar} {"Mar."}
+MACRO {apr} {"Apr."}
+MACRO {may} {"May"}
+MACRO {jun} {"Jun."}
+MACRO {jul} {"Jul."}
+MACRO {aug} {"Aug."}
+MACRO {sep} {"Sep."}
+MACRO {oct} {"Oct."}
+MACRO {nov} {"Nov."}
+MACRO {dec} {"Dec."}
+
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% ENTRY FIELDS %%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+ENTRY
+  { address
+    archiveprefix
+    assignee
+    author
+    booktitle
+    chapter
+    day
+    dayfiled
+    doi
+    edition
+    editor
+    eprint
+    howpublished
+    institution
+    intype
+    journal
+    key
+    language
+    month
+    monthfiled
+    nationality
+    note
+    number
+    organization
+    pages
+    paper
+    publisher
+    school
+    series
+    revision
+    title
+    type
+    url
+    volume
+    year
+    yearfiled
+    CTLuse_article_number
+    CTLuse_paper
+    CTLuse_url
+    CTLuse_forced_etal
+    CTLmax_names_forced_etal
+    CTLnames_show_etal
+    CTLuse_alt_spacing
+    CTLalt_stretch_factor
+    CTLdash_repeated_names
+    CTLname_format_string
+    CTLname_latex_cmd
+    CTLname_url_prefix
+  }
+  {}
+  { label }
+
+
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% INTEGER VARIABLES %%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+INTEGERS { prev.status.punct this.status.punct punct.std
+           punct.no punct.comma punct.period
+           prev.status.space this.status.space space.std
+           space.no space.normal space.large
+           prev.status.quote this.status.quote quote.std
+           quote.no quote.close
+           prev.status.nline this.status.nline nline.std
+           nline.no nline.newblock
+           status.cap cap.std
+           cap.no cap.yes}
+
+INTEGERS { longest.label.width multiresult nameptr namesleft number.label numnames }
+
+INTEGERS { is.use.number.for.article
+           is.use.paper
+           is.use.url
+           is.forced.et.al
+           max.num.names.before.forced.et.al
+           num.names.shown.with.forced.et.al
+           is.use.alt.interword.spacing
+           is.dash.repeated.names}
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% STRING VARIABLES %%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+STRINGS { bibinfo
+          longest.label
+          oldname
+          s
+          t
+          ALTinterwordstretchfactor
+          name.format.string
+          name.latex.cmd
+          name.url.prefix}
+
+
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% LOW LEVEL FUNCTIONS %%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+FUNCTION {initialize.controls}
+{ default.is.use.number.for.article 'is.use.number.for.article :=
+  default.is.use.paper 'is.use.paper :=
+  default.is.use.url 'is.use.url :=
+  default.is.forced.et.al 'is.forced.et.al :=
+  default.max.num.names.before.forced.et.al 'max.num.names.before.forced.et.al :=
+  default.num.names.shown.with.forced.et.al 'num.names.shown.with.forced.et.al :=
+  default.is.use.alt.interword.spacing 'is.use.alt.interword.spacing :=
+  default.is.dash.repeated.names 'is.dash.repeated.names :=
+  default.ALTinterwordstretchfactor 'ALTinterwordstretchfactor :=
+  default.name.format.string 'name.format.string :=
+  default.name.latex.cmd 'name.latex.cmd :=
+  default.name.url.prefix 'name.url.prefix :=
+}
+
+
+% This IEEEtran.bst features a very powerful and flexible mechanism for
+% controlling the capitalization, punctuation, spacing, quotation, and
+% newlines of the formatted entry fields. (Note: IEEEtran.bst does not need
+% or use the newline/newblock feature, but it has been implemented for
+% possible future use.) The output states of IEEEtran.bst consist of
+% multiple independent attributes and, as such, can be thought of as being
+% vectors, rather than the simple scalar values ("before.all",
+% "mid.sentence", etc.) used in most other .bst files.
+%
+% The more flexible and complex design used here was motivated in part by
+% the IEEE's rather unusual bibliography style. For example, the IEEE ends the
+% previous field item with a period and large space prior to the publisher
+% address; the @electronic entry types use periods as inter-item punctuation
+% rather than the commas used by the other entry types; and URLs are never
+% followed by periods even though they are the last item in the entry.
+% Although it is possible to accommodate these features with the conventional
+% output state system, the seemingly endless exceptions make for convoluted,
+% unreliable and difficult to maintain code.
+%
+% IEEEtran.bst's output state system can be easily understood via a simple
+% illustration of two most recently formatted entry fields (on the stack):
+%
+%               CURRENT_ITEM
+%               "PREVIOUS_ITEM
+%
+% which, in this example, is to eventually appear in the bibliography as:
+%
+%               "PREVIOUS_ITEM," CURRENT_ITEM
+%
+% It is the job of the output routine to take the previous item off of the
+% stack (while leaving the current item at the top of the stack), apply its
+% trailing punctuation (including closing quote marks) and spacing, and then
+% to write the result to BibTeX's output buffer:
+%
+%               "PREVIOUS_ITEM,"
+%
+% Punctuation (and spacing) between items is often determined by both of the
+% items rather than just the first one. The presence of quotation marks
+% further complicates the situation because, in standard English, trailing
+% punctuation marks are supposed to be contained within the quotes.
+%
+% IEEEtran.bst maintains two output state (aka "status") vectors which
+% correspond to the previous and current (aka "this") items. Each vector
+% consists of several independent attributes which track punctuation,
+% spacing, quotation, and newlines. Capitalization status is handled by a
+% separate scalar because the format routines, not the output routine,
+% handle capitalization and, therefore, there is no need to maintain the
+% capitalization attribute for both the "previous" and "this" items.
+%
+% When a format routine adds a new item, it copies the current output status
+% vector to the previous output status vector and (usually) resets the
+% current (this) output status vector to a "standard status" vector. Using a
+% "standard status" vector in this way allows us to redefine what we mean by
+% "standard status" at the start of each entry handler and reuse the same
+% format routines under the various inter-item separation schemes. For
+% example, the standard status vector for the @book entry type may use
+% commas for item separators, while the @electronic type may use periods,
+% yet both entry handlers exploit many of the exact same format routines.
+%
+% Because format routines have write access to the output status vector of
+% the previous item, they can override the punctuation choices of the
+% previous format routine! Therefore, it becomes trivial to implement rules
+% such as "Always use a period and a large space before the publisher." By
+% pushing the generation of the closing quote mark to the output routine, we
+% avoid all the problems caused by having to close a quote before having all
+% the information required to determine what the punctuation should be.
+%
+% The IEEEtran.bst output state system can easily be expanded if needed.
+% For instance, it is easy to add a "space.tie" attribute value if the
+% bibliography rules mandate that two items have to be joined with an
+% unbreakable space.
+
+FUNCTION {initialize.status.constants}
+{ #0 'punct.no :=
+  #1 'punct.comma :=
+  #2 'punct.period :=
+  #0 'space.no :=
+  #1 'space.normal :=
+  #2 'space.large :=
+  #0 'quote.no :=
+  #1 'quote.close :=
+  #0 'cap.no :=
+  #1 'cap.yes :=
+  #0 'nline.no :=
+  #1 'nline.newblock :=
+}
+
+FUNCTION {std.status.using.comma}
+{ punct.comma 'punct.std :=
+  space.normal 'space.std :=
+  quote.no 'quote.std :=
+  nline.no 'nline.std :=
+  cap.no 'cap.std :=
+}
+
+FUNCTION {std.status.using.period}
+{ punct.period 'punct.std :=
+  space.normal 'space.std :=
+  quote.no 'quote.std :=
+  nline.no 'nline.std :=
+  cap.yes 'cap.std :=
+}
+
+FUNCTION {initialize.prev.this.status}
+{ punct.no 'prev.status.punct :=
+  space.no 'prev.status.space :=
+  quote.no 'prev.status.quote :=
+  nline.no 'prev.status.nline :=
+  punct.no 'this.status.punct :=
+  space.no 'this.status.space :=
+  quote.no 'this.status.quote :=
+  nline.no 'this.status.nline :=
+  cap.yes 'status.cap :=
+}
+
+FUNCTION {this.status.std}
+{ punct.std 'this.status.punct :=
+  space.std 'this.status.space :=
+  quote.std 'this.status.quote :=
+  nline.std 'this.status.nline :=
+}
+
+FUNCTION {cap.status.std}{ cap.std 'status.cap := }
+
+FUNCTION {this.to.prev.status}
+{ this.status.punct 'prev.status.punct :=
+  this.status.space 'prev.status.space :=
+  this.status.quote 'prev.status.quote :=
+  this.status.nline 'prev.status.nline :=
+}
+
+
+FUNCTION {not}
+{   { #0 }
+    { #1 }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {and}
+{   { skip$ }
+    { pop$ #0 }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {or}
+{   { pop$ #1 }
+    { skip$ }
+  if$
+}
+
+
+% convert the strings "yes" or "no" to #1 or #0 respectively
+FUNCTION {yes.no.to.int}
+{ "l" change.case$ duplicate$
+    "yes" =
+    { pop$  #1 }
+    { duplicate$ "no" =
+        { pop$ #0 }
+        { "unknown boolean " quote$ * swap$ * quote$ *
+          " in " * cite$ * warning$
+          #0
+        }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+
+% pushes true if the single char string on the stack is in the
+% range of "0" to "9"
+FUNCTION {is.num}
+{ chr.to.int$
+  duplicate$ "0" chr.to.int$ < not
+  swap$ "9" chr.to.int$ > not and
+}
+
+% multiplies the integer on the stack by a factor of 10
+FUNCTION {bump.int.mag}
+{ #0 'multiresult :=
+    { duplicate$ #0 > }
+    { #1 -
+      multiresult #10 +
+      'multiresult :=
+    }
+  while$
+pop$
+multiresult
+}
+
+% converts a single character string on the stack to an integer
+FUNCTION {char.to.integer}
+{ duplicate$
+  is.num
+    { chr.to.int$ "0" chr.to.int$ - }
+    {"noninteger character " quote$ * swap$ * quote$ *
+          " in integer field of " * cite$ * warning$
+    #0
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+% converts a string on the stack to an integer
+FUNCTION {string.to.integer}
+{ duplicate$ text.length$ 'namesleft :=
+  #1 'nameptr :=
+  #0 'numnames :=
+    { nameptr namesleft > not }
+    { duplicate$ nameptr #1 substring$
+      char.to.integer numnames bump.int.mag +
+      'numnames :=
+      nameptr #1 +
+      'nameptr :=
+    }
+  while$
+pop$
+numnames
+}
+
+
+
+
+% The output routines write out the *next* to the top (previous) item on the
+% stack, adding punctuation and such as needed. Since IEEEtran.bst maintains
+% the output status for the top two items on the stack, these output
+% routines have to consider the previous output status (which corresponds to
+% the item that is being output). Full independent control of punctuation,
+% closing quote marks, spacing, and newblock is provided.
+%
+% "output.nonnull" does not check for the presence of a previous empty
+% item.
+%
+% "output" does check for the presence of a previous empty item and will
+% remove an empty item rather than outputing it.
+%
+% "output.warn" is like "output", but will issue a warning if it detects
+% an empty item.
+
+
+FUNCTION {output.nonnull}
+{ swap$
+  prev.status.punct punct.comma =
+     { "," * }
+     { skip$ }
+   if$
+  prev.status.punct punct.period =
+     { add.period$ }
+     { skip$ }
+   if$
+  prev.status.quote quote.close =
+     { "''" * }
+     { skip$ }
+   if$
+  prev.status.space space.normal =
+     { " " * }
+     { skip$ }
+   if$
+  prev.status.space space.large =
+     { large.space * }
+     { skip$ }
+   if$
+  write$
+  prev.status.nline nline.newblock =
+     { newline$ "\newblock " write$ }
+     { skip$ }
+   if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {output.nonnull.nocomma}
+{ swap$
+  prev.status.punct punct.comma =
+     { }
+     { skip$ }
+   if$
+  prev.status.punct punct.period =
+     { add.period$ }
+     { skip$ }
+   if$
+  prev.status.quote quote.close =
+     { "''" * }
+     { skip$ }
+   if$
+  prev.status.space space.normal =
+     { " " * }
+     { skip$ }
+   if$
+  prev.status.space space.large =
+     { large.space * }
+     { skip$ }
+   if$
+  write$
+  prev.status.nline nline.newblock =
+     { newline$ "\newblock " write$ }
+     { skip$ }
+   if$
+}
+
+
+FUNCTION {output}
+{ duplicate$ empty$
+    'pop$
+    'output.nonnull
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {output.nocomma}
+{ duplicate$ empty$
+    'pop$
+    'output.nonnull.nocomma
+  if$
+}
+
+
+FUNCTION {output.warn}
+{ 't :=
+  duplicate$ empty$
+    { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }
+    'output.nonnull
+  if$
+}
+
+% "fin.entry" is the output routine that handles the last item of the entry
+% (which will be on the top of the stack when "fin.entry" is called).
+
+FUNCTION {fin.entry}
+{ this.status.punct punct.no =
+     { skip$ }
+     { add.period$ }
+   if$
+   this.status.quote quote.close =
+     { "''" * }
+     { skip$ }
+   if$
+write$
+newline$
+}
+
+
+FUNCTION {is.last.char.not.punct}
+{ duplicate$
+   "}" * add.period$
+   #-1 #1 substring$ "." =
+}
+
+FUNCTION {is.multiple.pages}
+{ 't :=
+  #0 'multiresult :=
+    { multiresult not
+      t empty$ not
+      and
+    }
+    { t #1 #1 substring$
+      duplicate$ "-" =
+      swap$ duplicate$ "," =
+      swap$ "+" =
+      or or
+        { #1 'multiresult := }
+        { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := }
+      if$
+    }
+  while$
+  multiresult
+}
+
+FUNCTION {capitalize}{ "u" change.case$ "t" change.case$ }
+
+FUNCTION {emphasize}
+{ duplicate$ empty$
+    { pop$ "" }
+    { "\emph{" swap$ * "}" * }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {do.name.latex.cmd}
+{ name.latex.cmd
+  empty$
+    { skip$ }
+    { name.latex.cmd "{" * swap$ * "}" * }
+  if$
+}
+
+% IEEEtran.bst uses its own \BIBforeignlanguage command which directly
+% invokes the TeX hyphenation patterns without the need of the Babel
+% package. Babel does a lot more than switch hyphenation patterns and
+% its loading can cause unintended effects in many class files (such as
+% IEEEtran.cls).
+FUNCTION {select.language}
+{ duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$
+    { language empty$ 'skip$
+        { "\BIBforeignlanguage{" language * "}{" * swap$ * "}" * }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {tie.or.space.prefix}
+{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 <
+    { "~" }
+    { " " }
+  if$
+  swap$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {get.bbl.editor}
+{ editor num.names$ #1 > 'bbl.editors 'bbl.editor if$ }
+
+FUNCTION {space.word}{ " " swap$ * " " * }
+
+
+% Field Conditioners, Converters, Checkers and External Interfaces
+
+FUNCTION {empty.field.to.null.string}
+{ duplicate$ empty$
+    { pop$ "" }
+    { skip$ }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {either.or.check}
+{ empty$
+    { pop$ }
+    { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {empty.entry.warn}
+{ author empty$ title empty$ howpublished empty$
+  month empty$ year empty$ note empty$ url empty$
+  and and and and and and
+    { "all relevant fields are empty in " cite$ * warning$ }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+}
+
+
+% The bibinfo system provides a way for the electronic parsing/acquisition
+% of a bibliography's contents as is done by ReVTeX. For example, a field
+% could be entered into the bibliography as:
+% \bibinfo{volume}{2}
+% Only the "2" would show up in the document, but the LaTeX \bibinfo command
+% could do additional things with the information. IEEEtran.bst does provide
+% a \bibinfo command via "\providecommand{\bibinfo}[2]{#2}". However, it is
+% currently not used as the bogus bibinfo functions defined here output the
+% entry values directly without the \bibinfo wrapper. The bibinfo functions
+% themselves (and the calls to them) are retained for possible future use.
+%
+% bibinfo.check avoids acting on missing fields while bibinfo.warn will
+% issue a warning message if a missing field is detected. Prior to calling
+% the bibinfo functions, the user should push the field value and then its
+% name string, in that order.
+
+FUNCTION {bibinfo.check}
+{ swap$ duplicate$ missing$
+    { pop$ pop$ "" }
+    { duplicate$ empty$
+        { swap$ pop$ }
+        { swap$ pop$ }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {bibinfo.warn}
+{ swap$ duplicate$ missing$
+    { swap$ "missing " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$ pop$ "" }
+    { duplicate$ empty$
+        { swap$ "empty " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }
+        { swap$ pop$ }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+
+% The IEEE separates large numbers with more than 4 digits into groups of
+% three. The IEEE uses a small space to separate these number groups.
+% Typical applications include patent and page numbers.
+
+% number of consecutive digits required to trigger the group separation.
+FUNCTION {large.number.trigger}{ #5 }
+
+% For numbers longer than the trigger, this is the blocksize of the groups.
+% The blocksize must be less than the trigger threshold, and 2 * blocksize
+% must be greater than the trigger threshold (can't do more than one
+% separation on the initial trigger).
+FUNCTION {large.number.blocksize}{ #3 }
+
+% What is actually inserted between the number groups.
+FUNCTION {large.number.separator}{ "\," }
+
+% So as to save on integer variables by reusing existing ones, numnames
+% holds the current number of consecutive digits read and nameptr holds
+% the number that will trigger an inserted space.
+FUNCTION {large.number.separate}
+{ 't :=
+  ""
+  #0 'numnames :=
+  large.number.trigger 'nameptr :=
+  { t empty$ not }
+  { t #-1 #1 substring$ is.num
+      { numnames #1 + 'numnames := }
+      { #0 'numnames :=
+        large.number.trigger 'nameptr :=
+      }
+    if$
+    t #-1 #1 substring$ swap$ *
+    t #-2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
+    numnames nameptr =
+      { duplicate$ #1 nameptr large.number.blocksize - substring$ swap$
+        nameptr large.number.blocksize - #1 + global.max$ substring$
+        large.number.separator swap$ * *
+        nameptr large.number.blocksize - 'numnames :=
+        large.number.blocksize #1 + 'nameptr :=
+      }
+      { skip$ }
+    if$
+  }
+  while$
+}
+
+% Converts all single dashes "-" to double dashes "--".
+FUNCTION {n.dashify}
+{ large.number.separate
+  't :=
+  ""
+    { t empty$ not }
+    { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" =
+        { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not
+            { "--" *
+              t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
+            }
+            {   { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = }
+                { "-" *
+                  t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
+                }
+              while$
+            }
+          if$
+        }
+        { t #1 #1 substring$ *
+          t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
+        }
+      if$
+    }
+  while$
+}
+
+
+% This function detects entries with names that are identical to that of
+% the previous entry and replaces the repeated names with dashes (if the
+% "is.dash.repeated.names" user control is nonzero).
+FUNCTION {name.or.dash}
+{ 's :=
+   oldname empty$
+     { s 'oldname := s }
+     { s oldname =
+         { is.dash.repeated.names
+              { repeated.name.dashes }
+              { s 'oldname := s }
+            if$
+         }
+         { s 'oldname := s }
+       if$
+     }
+   if$
+}
+
+% Converts the number string on the top of the stack to
+% "numerical ordinal form" (e.g., "7" to "7th"). There is
+% no artificial limit to the upper bound of the numbers as the
+% two least significant digits determine the ordinal form.
+FUNCTION {num.to.ordinal}
+{ duplicate$ #-2 #1 substring$ "1" =
+      { bbl.th * }
+      { duplicate$ #-1 #1 substring$ "1" =
+          { bbl.st * }
+          { duplicate$ #-1 #1 substring$ "2" =
+              { bbl.nd * }
+              { duplicate$ #-1 #1 substring$ "3" =
+                  { bbl.rd * }
+                  { bbl.th * }
+                if$
+              }
+            if$
+          }
+        if$
+      }
+    if$
+}
+
+% If the string on the top of the stack begins with a number,
+% (e.g., 11th) then replace the string with the leading number
+% it contains. Otherwise retain the string as-is. s holds the
+% extracted number, t holds the part of the string that remains
+% to be scanned.
+FUNCTION {extract.num}
+{ duplicate$ 't :=
+  "" 's :=
+  { t empty$ not }
+  { t #1 #1 substring$
+    t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
+    duplicate$ is.num
+      { s swap$ * 's := }
+      { pop$ "" 't := }
+    if$
+  }
+  while$
+  s empty$
+    'skip$
+    { pop$ s }
+  if$
+}
+
+% Converts the word number string on the top of the stack to
+% Arabic string form. Will be successful up to "tenth".
+FUNCTION {word.to.num}
+{ duplicate$ "l" change.case$ 's :=
+  s "first" =
+    { pop$ "1" }
+    { skip$ }
+  if$
+  s "second" =
+    { pop$ "2" }
+    { skip$ }
+  if$
+  s "third" =
+    { pop$ "3" }
+    { skip$ }
+  if$
+  s "fourth" =
+    { pop$ "4" }
+    { skip$ }
+  if$
+  s "fifth" =
+    { pop$ "5" }
+    { skip$ }
+  if$
+  s "sixth" =
+    { pop$ "6" }
+    { skip$ }
+  if$
+  s "seventh" =
+    { pop$ "7" }
+    { skip$ }
+  if$
+  s "eighth" =
+    { pop$ "8" }
+    { skip$ }
+  if$
+  s "ninth" =
+    { pop$ "9" }
+    { skip$ }
+  if$
+  s "tenth" =
+    { pop$ "10" }
+    { skip$ }
+  if$
+}
+
+
+% Converts the string on the top of the stack to numerical
+% ordinal (e.g., "11th") form.
+FUNCTION {convert.edition}
+{ duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+    { duplicate$ #1 #1 substring$ is.num
+        { extract.num
+          num.to.ordinal
+        }
+        { word.to.num
+          duplicate$ #1 #1 substring$ is.num
+            { num.to.ordinal }
+            { "edition ordinal word " quote$ * edition * quote$ *
+              " may be too high (or improper) for conversion" * " in " * cite$ * warning$
+            }
+          if$
+        }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% LATEX BIBLIOGRAPHY CODE %%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+FUNCTION {start.entry}
+{ newline$
+  "\bibitem{" write$
+  cite$ write$
+  "}" write$
+  newline$
+  ""
+  initialize.prev.this.status
+}
+
+% Here we write out all the LaTeX code that we will need. The most involved
+% code sequences are those that control the alternate interword spacing and
+% foreign language hyphenation patterns. The heavy use of \providecommand
+% gives users a way to override the defaults. Special thanks to Javier Bezos,
+% Johannes Braams, Robin Fairbairns, Heiko Oberdiek, Donald Arseneau and all
+% the other gurus on comp.text.tex for their help and advice on the topic of
+% \selectlanguage, Babel and BibTeX.
+FUNCTION {begin.bib}
+{ "% Generated by IEEEtran.bst, version: " bst.file.version * " (" * bst.file.date * ")" *
+  write$ newline$
+  preamble$ empty$ 'skip$
+    { preamble$ write$ newline$ }
+  if$
+  "\begin{thebibliography}{"  longest.label  * "}" *
+  write$ newline$
+  "\providecommand{\url}[1]{#1}"
+  write$ newline$
+  "\csname url@samestyle\endcsname"
+  write$ newline$
+  "\providecommand{\newblock}{\relax}"
+  write$ newline$
+  "\providecommand{\bibinfo}[2]{#2}"
+  write$ newline$
+  "\providecommand{\BIBentrySTDinterwordspacing}{\spaceskip=0pt\relax}"
+  write$ newline$
+  "\providecommand{\BIBentryALTinterwordstretchfactor}{"
+  ALTinterwordstretchfactor * "}" *
+  write$ newline$
+  "\providecommand{\BIBentryALTinterwordspacing}{\spaceskip=\fontdimen2\font plus "
+  write$ newline$
+  "\BIBentryALTinterwordstretchfactor\fontdimen3\font minus \fontdimen4\font\relax}"
+  write$ newline$
+  "\providecommand{\BIBforeignlanguage}[2]{{%"
+  write$ newline$
+  "\expandafter\ifx\csname l@#1\endcsname\relax"
+  write$ newline$
+  "\typeout{** WARNING: IEEEtran.bst: No hyphenation pattern has been}%"
+  write$ newline$
+  "\typeout{** loaded for the language `#1'. Using the pattern for}%"
+  write$ newline$
+  "\typeout{** the default language instead.}%"
+  write$ newline$
+  "\else"
+  write$ newline$
+  "\language=\csname l@#1\endcsname"
+  write$ newline$
+  "\fi"
+  write$ newline$
+  "#2}}"
+  write$ newline$
+  "\providecommand{\BIBdecl}{\relax}"
+  write$ newline$
+  "\BIBdecl"
+  write$ newline$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {end.bib}
+{ newline$ "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$ }
+
+FUNCTION {if.url.alt.interword.spacing}
+{ is.use.alt.interword.spacing
+    { is.use.url
+        { url empty$ 'skip$ {"\BIBentryALTinterwordspacing" write$ newline$} if$ }
+        { skip$ }
+      if$
+    }
+    { skip$ }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {if.url.std.interword.spacing}
+{ is.use.alt.interword.spacing
+    { is.use.url
+        { url empty$ 'skip$ {"\BIBentrySTDinterwordspacing" write$ newline$} if$ }
+        { skip$ }
+      if$
+    }
+    { skip$ }
+  if$
+}
+
+
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% LONGEST LABEL PASS %%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+FUNCTION {initialize.longest.label}
+{ "" 'longest.label :=
+  #1 'number.label :=
+  #0 'longest.label.width :=
+}
+
+FUNCTION {longest.label.pass}
+{ type$ "ieeetranbstctl" =
+    { skip$ }
+    { number.label int.to.str$ 'label :=
+      number.label #1 + 'number.label :=
+      label width$ longest.label.width >
+        { label 'longest.label :=
+          label width$ 'longest.label.width :=
+        }
+        { skip$ }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% FORMAT HANDLERS %%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+%% Lower Level Formats (used by higher level formats)
+
+FUNCTION {format.address.org.or.pub.date}
+{ 't :=
+  ""
+  year empty$
+    { "empty year in " cite$ * warning$ }
+    { skip$ }
+  if$
+  address empty$ t empty$ and
+  year empty$ and month empty$ and
+    { skip$ }
+    { this.to.prev.status
+      this.status.std
+      cap.status.std
+      address "address" bibinfo.check *
+      t empty$
+        { skip$ }
+        { punct.period 'prev.status.punct :=
+          space.large 'prev.status.space :=
+          address empty$
+            { skip$ }
+            { ": " * }
+          if$
+          t *
+        }
+      if$
+      year empty$ month empty$ and
+        { skip$ }
+        { t empty$ address empty$ and
+            { skip$ }
+            { ", " * }
+          if$
+          month empty$
+            { year empty$
+                { skip$ }
+                { year "year" bibinfo.check * }
+              if$
+            }
+            { month "month" bibinfo.check *
+              year empty$
+                 { skip$ }
+                 { " " * year "year" bibinfo.check * }
+              if$
+            }
+          if$
+        }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+
+FUNCTION {format.names}
+{ 'bibinfo :=
+  duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ {
+  this.to.prev.status
+  this.status.std
+  's :=
+  "" 't :=
+  #1 'nameptr :=
+  s num.names$ 'numnames :=
+  numnames 'namesleft :=
+    { namesleft #0 > }
+    { s nameptr
+      name.format.string
+      format.name$
+      bibinfo bibinfo.check
+      't :=
+      nameptr #1 >
+        { nameptr num.names.shown.with.forced.et.al #1 + =
+          numnames max.num.names.before.forced.et.al >
+          is.forced.et.al and and
+            { "others" 't :=
+              #1 'namesleft :=
+            }
+            { skip$ }
+          if$
+          namesleft #1 >
+            { ", " * t do.name.latex.cmd * }
+            { s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" =
+                { 't := }
+                { pop$ }
+              if$
+              t "others" =
+                { " " * bbl.etal emphasize * }
+                { numnames #2 >
+                    { "," * }
+                    { skip$ }
+                  if$
+                  bbl.and
+                  space.word * t do.name.latex.cmd *
+                }
+              if$
+            }
+          if$
+        }
+        { t do.name.latex.cmd }
+      if$
+      nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
+      namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
+    }
+  while$
+  cap.status.std
+  } if$
+}
+
+
+
+
+%% Higher Level Formats
+
+%% addresses/locations
+
+FUNCTION {format.address}
+{ address duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+    { this.to.prev.status
+      this.status.std
+      cap.status.std
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+
+
+%% author/editor names
+
+FUNCTION {format.authors}{ author "author" format.names }
+
+FUNCTION {format.editors}
+{ editor "editor" format.names duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+    { ", " *
+      get.bbl.editor
+      capitalize
+      *
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+
+%% eprint
+FUNCTION {format.eprint}
+{ eprint empty$
+      { "" }
+      { " \eprint{" * eprint * "}" }
+    if$
+}
+
+%% doi
+FUNCTION {format.doi}
+{ doi empty$
+    { "" }
+    { " \doi{" * doi * "}" }
+    if$
+}
+
+
+
+%% date
+
+FUNCTION {format.date}
+{
+  month "month" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$
+  year  "year" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$
+    { swap$ 'skip$
+        { this.to.prev.status
+          this.status.std
+          cap.status.std
+         "there's a month but no year in " cite$ * warning$ }
+      if$
+      *
+    }
+    { this.to.prev.status
+      this.status.std
+      cap.status.std
+      swap$ 'skip$
+        {
+          swap$
+          " " * swap$
+        }
+      if$
+      *
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.date.electronic}
+{ month "month" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$
+  year  "year" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$
+    { swap$
+        { pop$ }
+        { "there's a month but no year in " cite$ * warning$
+        pop$ ")" * "(" swap$ *
+        this.to.prev.status
+        punct.no 'this.status.punct :=
+        space.normal 'this.status.space :=
+        quote.no 'this.status.quote :=
+        cap.yes  'status.cap :=
+        }
+      if$
+    }
+    { swap$
+        { swap$ pop$ ")" * "(" swap$ * }
+        { "(" swap$ * ", " * swap$ * ")" * }
+      if$
+    this.to.prev.status
+    punct.no 'this.status.punct :=
+    space.normal 'this.status.space :=
+    quote.no 'this.status.quote :=
+    cap.yes  'status.cap :=
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+
+
+%% edition/title
+
+% Note: The IEEE considers the edition to be closely associated with
+% the title of a book. So, in IEEEtran.bst the edition is normally handled
+% within the formatting of the title. The format.edition function is
+% retained here for possible future use.
+FUNCTION {format.edition}
+{ edition duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+    { this.to.prev.status
+      this.status.std
+      convert.edition
+      status.cap
+        { "t" }
+        { "l" }
+      if$ change.case$
+      "edition" bibinfo.check
+      "~" * bbl.edition *
+      cap.status.std
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+% This is used to format the booktitle of a conference proceedings.
+% Here we use the "intype" field to provide the user a way to
+% override the word "in" (e.g., with things like "presented at")
+% Use of intype stops the emphasis of the booktitle to indicate that
+% we no longer mean the written conference proceedings, but the
+% conference itself.
+FUNCTION {format.in.booktitle}
+{ booktitle "booktitle" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+    { this.to.prev.status
+      this.status.std
+      select.language
+      intype missing$
+        { emphasize
+          bbl.in " " *
+        }
+        { intype " " * }
+      if$
+      swap$ *
+      cap.status.std
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+% This is used to format the booktitle of collection.
+% Here the "intype" field is not supported, but "edition" is.
+FUNCTION {format.in.booktitle.edition}
+{ booktitle "booktitle" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+    { this.to.prev.status
+      this.status.std
+      select.language
+      emphasize
+      edition empty$ 'skip$
+        { ", " *
+          edition
+          convert.edition
+          "l" change.case$
+          * "~" * bbl.edition *
+        }
+      if$
+      bbl.in " " * swap$ *
+      cap.status.std
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.article.title}
+{ title duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+    { this.to.prev.status
+      this.status.std
+      "t" change.case$
+    }
+  if$
+  "title" bibinfo.check
+  duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+    { quote.close 'this.status.quote :=
+      is.last.char.not.punct
+        { punct.std 'this.status.punct := }
+        { punct.no 'this.status.punct := }
+      if$
+      select.language
+      "``" swap$ *
+      cap.status.std
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.article.title.electronic}
+{ title duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+    { this.to.prev.status
+      this.status.std
+      cap.status.std
+      "t" change.case$
+    }
+  if$
+  "title" bibinfo.check
+  duplicate$ empty$
+    { skip$ }
+    { select.language }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.book.title.edition}
+{ title "title" bibinfo.check
+  duplicate$ empty$
+    { "empty title in " cite$ * warning$ }
+    { this.to.prev.status
+      this.status.std
+      select.language
+      emphasize
+      edition empty$ 'skip$
+        { ", " *
+          edition
+          convert.edition
+          status.cap
+            { "t" }
+            { "l" }
+          if$
+          change.case$
+          * "~" * bbl.edition *
+        }
+      if$
+      cap.status.std
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.book.title}
+{ title "title" bibinfo.check
+  duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+    { this.to.prev.status
+      this.status.std
+      cap.status.std
+      select.language
+      emphasize
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+
+
+%% journal
+
+FUNCTION {format.journal}
+{ journal duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+    { this.to.prev.status
+      this.status.std
+      cap.status.std
+      select.language
+      emphasize
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+
+
+%% how published
+
+FUNCTION {format.howpublished}
+{ howpublished duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+    { this.to.prev.status
+      this.status.std
+      cap.status.std
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+
+
+%% institutions/organization/publishers/school
+
+FUNCTION {format.institution}
+{ institution duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+    { this.to.prev.status
+      this.status.std
+      cap.status.std
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.organization}
+{ organization duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+    { this.to.prev.status
+      this.status.std
+      cap.status.std
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.address.publisher.date}
+{ publisher "publisher" bibinfo.warn format.address.org.or.pub.date }
+
+FUNCTION {format.address.publisher.date.nowarn}
+{ publisher "publisher" bibinfo.check format.address.org.or.pub.date }
+
+FUNCTION {format.address.organization.date}
+{ organization "organization" bibinfo.check format.address.org.or.pub.date }
+
+FUNCTION {format.school}
+{ school duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+    { this.to.prev.status
+      this.status.std
+      cap.status.std
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+
+
+%% volume/number/series/chapter/pages
+
+FUNCTION {format.volume}
+{ volume empty.field.to.null.string
+  duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+    { this.to.prev.status
+      this.status.std
+      bbl.volume
+      status.cap
+        { capitalize }
+        { skip$ }
+      if$
+      swap$ tie.or.space.prefix
+      "volume" bibinfo.check
+      * *
+      cap.status.std
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.number}
+{ number empty.field.to.null.string
+  duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+    { this.to.prev.status
+      this.status.std
+      status.cap
+         { bbl.number capitalize }
+         { bbl.number }
+       if$
+      swap$ tie.or.space.prefix
+      "number" bibinfo.check
+      * *
+      cap.status.std
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.number.if.use.for.article}
+{ is.use.number.for.article
+     { format.number }
+     { "" }
+   if$
+}
+
+% The IEEE does not seem to tie the series so closely with the volume
+% and number as is done in other bibliography styles. Instead the
+% series is treated somewhat like an extension of the title.
+FUNCTION {format.series}
+{ series empty$
+   { "" }
+   { this.to.prev.status
+     this.status.std
+     bbl.series " " *
+     series "series" bibinfo.check *
+     cap.status.std
+   }
+ if$
+}
+
+
+FUNCTION {format.chapter}
+{ chapter empty$
+    { "" }
+    { this.to.prev.status
+      this.status.std
+      type empty$
+        { bbl.chapter }
+        { type "l" change.case$
+          "type" bibinfo.check
+        }
+      if$
+      chapter tie.or.space.prefix
+      "chapter" bibinfo.check
+      * *
+      cap.status.std
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+
+% The intended use of format.paper is for paper numbers of inproceedings.
+% The paper type can be overridden via the type field.
+% We allow the type to be displayed even if the paper number is absent
+% for things like "postdeadline paper"
+FUNCTION {format.paper}
+{ is.use.paper
+     { paper empty$
+        { type empty$
+            { "" }
+            { this.to.prev.status
+              this.status.std
+              type "type" bibinfo.check
+              cap.status.std
+            }
+          if$
+        }
+        { this.to.prev.status
+          this.status.std
+          type empty$
+            { bbl.paper }
+            { type "type" bibinfo.check }
+          if$
+          " " * paper
+          "paper" bibinfo.check
+          *
+          cap.status.std
+        }
+      if$
+     }
+     { "" }
+   if$
+}
+
+
+FUNCTION {format.pages}
+{ pages duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+    { this.to.prev.status
+      this.status.std
+      duplicate$ is.multiple.pages
+        {
+          bbl.pages swap$
+          n.dashify
+        }
+        {
+          bbl.page swap$
+        }
+      if$
+      tie.or.space.prefix
+      "pages" bibinfo.check
+      * *
+      cap.status.std
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+
+
+%% technical report number
+
+FUNCTION {format.tech.report.number}
+{ number "number" bibinfo.check
+  this.to.prev.status
+  this.status.std
+  cap.status.std
+  type duplicate$ empty$
+    { pop$
+      bbl.techrep
+    }
+    { skip$ }
+  if$
+  "type" bibinfo.check
+  swap$ duplicate$ empty$
+    { pop$ }
+    { tie.or.space.prefix * * }
+  if$
+}
+
+
+
+%% note
+
+FUNCTION {format.note}
+{ note empty$
+    { "" }
+    { this.to.prev.status
+      this.status.std
+      punct.period 'this.status.punct :=
+      note #1 #1 substring$
+      duplicate$ "{" =
+        { skip$ }
+        { status.cap
+          { "u" }
+          { "l" }
+        if$
+        change.case$
+        }
+      if$
+      note #2 global.max$ substring$ * "note" bibinfo.check
+      cap.yes  'status.cap :=
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+
+
+%% patent
+
+FUNCTION {format.patent.date}
+{ this.to.prev.status
+  this.status.std
+  year empty$
+    { monthfiled duplicate$ empty$
+        { "monthfiled" bibinfo.check pop$ "" }
+        { "monthfiled" bibinfo.check }
+      if$
+      dayfiled duplicate$ empty$
+        { "dayfiled" bibinfo.check pop$ "" * }
+        { "dayfiled" bibinfo.check
+          monthfiled empty$
+             { "dayfiled without a monthfiled in " cite$ * warning$
+               *
+             }
+             { " " swap$ * * }
+           if$
+        }
+      if$
+      yearfiled empty$
+        { "no year or yearfiled in " cite$ * warning$ }
+        { yearfiled "yearfiled" bibinfo.check
+          swap$
+          duplicate$ empty$
+             { pop$ }
+             { ", " * swap$ * }
+           if$
+        }
+      if$
+    }
+    { month duplicate$ empty$
+        { "month" bibinfo.check pop$ "" }
+        { "month" bibinfo.check }
+      if$
+      day duplicate$ empty$
+        { "day" bibinfo.check pop$ "" * }
+        { "day" bibinfo.check
+          month empty$
+             { "day without a month in " cite$ * warning$
+               *
+             }
+             { " " swap$ * * }
+           if$
+        }
+      if$
+      year "year" bibinfo.check
+      swap$
+      duplicate$ empty$
+        { pop$ }
+        { ", " * swap$ * }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+  cap.status.std
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.patent.nationality.type.number}
+{ this.to.prev.status
+  this.status.std
+  nationality duplicate$ empty$
+    { "nationality" bibinfo.warn pop$ "" }
+    { "nationality" bibinfo.check
+      duplicate$ "l" change.case$ "united states" =
+        { pop$ bbl.patentUS }
+        { skip$ }
+      if$
+      " " *
+    }
+  if$
+  type empty$
+    { bbl.patent "type" bibinfo.check }
+    { type "type" bibinfo.check }
+  if$
+  *
+  number duplicate$ empty$
+    { "number" bibinfo.warn pop$ }
+    { "number" bibinfo.check
+      large.number.separate
+      swap$ " " * swap$ *
+    }
+  if$
+  cap.status.std
+}
+
+
+
+%% standard
+
+FUNCTION {format.organization.institution.standard.type.number}
+{ this.to.prev.status
+  this.status.std
+  organization duplicate$ empty$
+    { pop$
+      institution duplicate$ empty$
+        { "institution" bibinfo.warn }
+        { "institution" bibinfo.warn " " * }
+      if$
+    }
+    { "organization" bibinfo.warn " " * }
+  if$
+  type empty$
+    { bbl.standard "type" bibinfo.check }
+    { type "type" bibinfo.check }
+  if$
+  *
+  number duplicate$ empty$
+    { "number" bibinfo.check pop$ }
+    { "number" bibinfo.check
+      large.number.separate
+      swap$ " " * swap$ *
+    }
+  if$
+  cap.status.std
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.revision}
+{ revision empty$
+    { "" }
+    { this.to.prev.status
+      this.status.std
+      bbl.revision
+      revision tie.or.space.prefix
+      "revision" bibinfo.check
+      * *
+      cap.status.std
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+
+%% thesis
+
+FUNCTION {format.master.thesis.type}
+{ this.to.prev.status
+  this.status.std
+  type empty$
+    {
+      bbl.mthesis
+    }
+    {
+      type "type" bibinfo.check
+    }
+  if$
+cap.status.std
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.phd.thesis.type}
+{ this.to.prev.status
+  this.status.std
+  type empty$
+    {
+      bbl.phdthesis
+    }
+    {
+      type "type" bibinfo.check
+    }
+  if$
+cap.status.std
+}
+
+
+
+%% URL
+
+FUNCTION {format.url}
+{ is.use.url
+    { url empty$
+      { "" }
+      { this.to.prev.status
+        this.status.std
+        cap.yes 'status.cap :=
+        name.url.prefix " " *
+        "\url{" * url * "}" *
+        punct.no 'this.status.punct :=
+        punct.period 'prev.status.punct :=
+        space.normal 'this.status.space :=
+        space.normal 'prev.status.space :=
+        quote.no 'this.status.quote :=
+      }
+    if$
+    }
+    { "" }
+  if$
+}
+
+
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% ENTRY HANDLERS %%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+
+% Note: In many journals, the IEEE (or the authors) tend not to show the number
+% for articles, so the display of the number is controlled here by the
+% switch "is.use.number.for.article"
+FUNCTION {article}
+{ std.status.using.comma
+  start.entry
+  if.url.alt.interword.spacing
+  format.authors "author" output.warn
+  name.or.dash
+  format.article.title "title" output.warn
+  format.journal "journal" bibinfo.check "journal" output.warn
+  format.volume output
+  format.number.if.use.for.article output
+  format.pages output
+  format.eprint output.nocomma
+  format.doi output.nocomma
+  format.date "year" output.warn
+  format.note output
+  format.url output
+  fin.entry
+  if.url.std.interword.spacing
+}
+
+FUNCTION {book}
+{ std.status.using.comma
+  start.entry
+  if.url.alt.interword.spacing
+  author empty$
+    { format.editors "author and editor" output.warn }
+    { format.authors output.nonnull }
+  if$
+  name.or.dash
+  format.book.title.edition output
+  format.series output
+  author empty$
+    { skip$ }
+    { format.editors output }
+  if$
+  format.address.publisher.date output
+  format.volume output
+  format.number output
+  format.note output
+  format.url output
+  fin.entry
+  if.url.std.interword.spacing
+}
+
+FUNCTION {booklet}
+{ std.status.using.comma
+  start.entry
+  if.url.alt.interword.spacing
+  format.authors output
+  name.or.dash
+  format.article.title "title" output.warn
+  format.howpublished "howpublished" bibinfo.check output
+  format.organization "organization" bibinfo.check output
+  format.address "address" bibinfo.check output
+  format.date output
+  format.note output
+  format.url output
+  fin.entry
+  if.url.std.interword.spacing
+}
+
+FUNCTION {electronic}
+{ std.status.using.period
+  start.entry
+  if.url.alt.interword.spacing
+  format.authors output
+  name.or.dash
+  format.date.electronic output
+  format.article.title.electronic output
+  format.howpublished "howpublished" bibinfo.check output
+  format.organization "organization" bibinfo.check output
+  format.address "address" bibinfo.check output
+  format.note output
+  format.url output
+  fin.entry
+  empty.entry.warn
+  if.url.std.interword.spacing
+}
+
+FUNCTION {inbook}
+{ std.status.using.comma
+  start.entry
+  if.url.alt.interword.spacing
+  author empty$
+    { format.editors "author and editor" output.warn }
+    { format.authors output.nonnull }
+  if$
+  name.or.dash
+  format.book.title.edition output
+  format.series output
+  format.address.publisher.date output
+  format.volume output
+  format.number output
+  format.chapter output
+  format.pages output
+  format.note output
+  format.url output
+  fin.entry
+  if.url.std.interword.spacing
+}
+
+FUNCTION {incollection}
+{ std.status.using.comma
+  start.entry
+  if.url.alt.interword.spacing
+  format.authors "author" output.warn
+  name.or.dash
+  format.article.title "title" output.warn
+  format.in.booktitle.edition "booktitle" output.warn
+  format.series output
+  format.editors output
+  format.address.publisher.date.nowarn output
+  format.volume output
+  format.number output
+  format.chapter output
+  format.pages output
+  format.note output
+  format.url output
+  fin.entry
+  if.url.std.interword.spacing
+}
+
+FUNCTION {inproceedings}
+{ std.status.using.comma
+  start.entry
+  if.url.alt.interword.spacing
+  format.authors "author" output.warn
+  name.or.dash
+  format.article.title "title" output.warn
+  format.in.booktitle "booktitle" output.warn
+  format.series output
+  format.editors output
+  format.volume output
+  format.number output
+  publisher empty$
+    { format.address.organization.date output }
+    { format.organization "organization" bibinfo.check output
+      format.address.publisher.date output
+    }
+  if$
+  format.paper output
+  format.pages output
+  format.note output
+  format.url output
+  fin.entry
+  if.url.std.interword.spacing
+}
+
+FUNCTION {manual}
+{ std.status.using.comma
+  start.entry
+  if.url.alt.interword.spacing
+  format.authors output
+  name.or.dash
+  format.book.title.edition "title" output.warn
+  format.howpublished "howpublished" bibinfo.check output
+  format.organization "organization" bibinfo.check output
+  format.address "address" bibinfo.check output
+  format.date output
+  format.note output
+  format.url output
+  fin.entry
+  if.url.std.interword.spacing
+}
+
+FUNCTION {mastersthesis}
+{ std.status.using.comma
+  start.entry
+  if.url.alt.interword.spacing
+  format.authors "author" output.warn
+  name.or.dash
+  format.article.title "title" output.warn
+  format.master.thesis.type output.nonnull
+  format.school "school" bibinfo.warn output
+  format.address "address" bibinfo.check output
+  format.date "year" output.warn
+  format.note output
+  format.url output
+  fin.entry
+  if.url.std.interword.spacing
+}
+
+FUNCTION {misc}
+{ std.status.using.comma
+  start.entry
+  if.url.alt.interword.spacing
+  format.authors output
+  name.or.dash
+  format.article.title output
+  format.howpublished "howpublished" bibinfo.check output
+  format.organization "organization" bibinfo.check output
+  format.address "address" bibinfo.check output
+  format.pages output
+  format.date output
+  format.note output
+  format.url output
+  fin.entry
+  empty.entry.warn
+  if.url.std.interword.spacing
+}
+
+FUNCTION {patent}
+{ std.status.using.comma
+  start.entry
+  if.url.alt.interword.spacing
+  format.authors output
+  name.or.dash
+  format.article.title output
+  format.patent.nationality.type.number output
+  format.patent.date output
+  format.note output
+  format.url output
+  fin.entry
+  empty.entry.warn
+  if.url.std.interword.spacing
+}
+
+FUNCTION {periodical}
+{ std.status.using.comma
+  start.entry
+  if.url.alt.interword.spacing
+  format.editors output
+  name.or.dash
+  format.book.title "title" output.warn
+  format.series output
+  format.volume output
+  format.number output
+  format.organization "organization" bibinfo.check output
+  format.date "year" output.warn
+  format.note output
+  format.url output
+  fin.entry
+  if.url.std.interword.spacing
+}
+
+FUNCTION {phdthesis}
+{ std.status.using.comma
+  start.entry
+  if.url.alt.interword.spacing
+  format.authors "author" output.warn
+  name.or.dash
+  format.article.title "title" output.warn
+  format.phd.thesis.type output.nonnull
+  format.school "school" bibinfo.warn output
+  format.address "address" bibinfo.check output
+  format.date "year" output.warn
+  format.note output
+  format.url output
+  fin.entry
+  if.url.std.interword.spacing
+}
+
+FUNCTION {proceedings}
+{ std.status.using.comma
+  start.entry
+  if.url.alt.interword.spacing
+  format.editors output
+  name.or.dash
+  format.book.title "title" output.warn
+  format.series output
+  format.volume output
+  format.number output
+  publisher empty$
+    { format.address.organization.date output }
+    { format.organization "organization" bibinfo.check output
+      format.address.publisher.date output
+    }
+  if$
+  format.note output
+  format.url output
+  fin.entry
+  if.url.std.interword.spacing
+}
+
+FUNCTION {standard}
+{ std.status.using.comma
+  start.entry
+  if.url.alt.interword.spacing
+  format.authors output
+  name.or.dash
+  format.book.title "title" output.warn
+  format.howpublished "howpublished" bibinfo.check output
+  format.organization.institution.standard.type.number output
+  format.revision output
+  format.date output
+  format.note output
+  format.url output
+  fin.entry
+  if.url.std.interword.spacing
+}
+
+FUNCTION {techreport}
+{ std.status.using.comma
+  start.entry
+  if.url.alt.interword.spacing
+  format.authors "author" output.warn
+  name.or.dash
+  format.article.title "title" output.warn
+  format.howpublished "howpublished" bibinfo.check output
+  format.institution "institution" bibinfo.warn output
+  format.address "address" bibinfo.check output
+  format.tech.report.number output.nonnull
+  format.date "year" output.warn
+  format.note output
+  format.url output
+  fin.entry
+  if.url.std.interword.spacing
+}
+
+FUNCTION {unpublished}
+{ std.status.using.comma
+  start.entry
+  if.url.alt.interword.spacing
+  format.authors "author" output.warn
+  name.or.dash
+  format.article.title "title" output.warn
+  format.date output
+  format.note "note" output.warn
+  format.url output
+  fin.entry
+  if.url.std.interword.spacing
+}
+
+
+% The special entry type which provides the user interface to the
+% BST controls
+FUNCTION {IEEEtranBSTCTL}
+{ is.print.banners.to.terminal
+    { "** IEEEtran BST control entry " quote$ * cite$ * quote$ * " detected." *
+      top$
+    }
+    { skip$ }
+  if$
+  CTLuse_article_number
+  empty$
+    { skip$ }
+    { CTLuse_article_number
+      yes.no.to.int
+      'is.use.number.for.article :=
+    }
+  if$
+  CTLuse_paper
+  empty$
+    { skip$ }
+    { CTLuse_paper
+      yes.no.to.int
+      'is.use.paper :=
+    }
+  if$
+  CTLuse_url
+  empty$
+    { skip$ }
+    { CTLuse_url
+      yes.no.to.int
+      'is.use.url :=
+    }
+  if$
+  CTLuse_forced_etal
+  empty$
+    { skip$ }
+    { CTLuse_forced_etal
+      yes.no.to.int
+      'is.forced.et.al :=
+    }
+  if$
+  CTLmax_names_forced_etal
+  empty$
+    { skip$ }
+    { CTLmax_names_forced_etal
+      string.to.integer
+      'max.num.names.before.forced.et.al :=
+    }
+  if$
+  CTLnames_show_etal
+  empty$
+    { skip$ }
+    { CTLnames_show_etal
+      string.to.integer
+      'num.names.shown.with.forced.et.al :=
+    }
+  if$
+  CTLuse_alt_spacing
+  empty$
+    { skip$ }
+    { CTLuse_alt_spacing
+      yes.no.to.int
+      'is.use.alt.interword.spacing :=
+    }
+  if$
+  CTLalt_stretch_factor
+  empty$
+    { skip$ }
+    { CTLalt_stretch_factor
+      'ALTinterwordstretchfactor :=
+      "\renewcommand{\BIBentryALTinterwordstretchfactor}{"
+      ALTinterwordstretchfactor * "}" *
+      write$ newline$
+    }
+  if$
+  CTLdash_repeated_names
+  empty$
+    { skip$ }
+    { CTLdash_repeated_names
+      yes.no.to.int
+      'is.dash.repeated.names :=
+    }
+  if$
+  CTLname_format_string
+  empty$
+    { skip$ }
+    { CTLname_format_string
+      'name.format.string :=
+    }
+  if$
+  CTLname_latex_cmd
+  empty$
+    { skip$ }
+    { CTLname_latex_cmd
+      'name.latex.cmd :=
+    }
+  if$
+  CTLname_url_prefix
+  missing$
+    { skip$ }
+    { CTLname_url_prefix
+      'name.url.prefix :=
+    }
+  if$
+
+
+  num.names.shown.with.forced.et.al max.num.names.before.forced.et.al >
+    { "CTLnames_show_etal cannot be greater than CTLmax_names_forced_etal in " cite$ * warning$
+      max.num.names.before.forced.et.al 'num.names.shown.with.forced.et.al :=
+    }
+    { skip$ }
+  if$
+}
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% ENTRY ALIASES %%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+FUNCTION {conference}{inproceedings}
+FUNCTION {online}{electronic}
+FUNCTION {internet}{electronic}
+FUNCTION {webpage}{electronic}
+FUNCTION {www}{electronic}
+FUNCTION {default.type}{misc}
+
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% MAIN PROGRAM %%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+READ
+
+EXECUTE {initialize.controls}
+EXECUTE {initialize.status.constants}
+EXECUTE {banner.message}
+
+EXECUTE {initialize.longest.label}
+ITERATE {longest.label.pass}
+
+EXECUTE {begin.bib}
+ITERATE {call.type$}
+EXECUTE {end.bib}
+
+EXECUTE{completed.message}
+
+
+%% That's all folks, mds.
diff --git a/tex/src/preamble-project.tex b/tex/src/preamble-project.tex
index 6db0afb..e14fbf6 100644
--- a/tex/src/preamble-project.tex
+++ b/tex/src/preamble-project.tex
@@ -54,3 +54,8 @@
 
 %% Custom macros
 \newcommand{\inlinecode}[1]{\textcolor{blue!35!black}{\texttt{#1}}}
+
+
+\newcommand\eprint[1]{\href{https://arXiv.org/abs/#1}{{arXiv:#1}}}
+
+\newcommand\doi[1]{\href{https://oadoi.org/#1}{{DOI:#1}}}
diff --git a/tex/src/references.tex b/tex/src/references.tex
index f355bba..0589589 100644
--- a/tex/src/references.tex
+++ b/tex/src/references.tex
@@ -260,12 +260,12 @@ archivePrefix = {arXiv},
        author = {{Akhlaghi}, Mohammad},
         title = "{Carving out the low surface brightness universe with NoiseChisel}",
       journal = {IAU Symposium 355},
-       volume = {arXiv},
+       volume = {\,},
      keywords = {Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition},
          year = "2019",
         month = "Sep",
           eid = {arXiv:1909.11230},
-        pages = {1909.11230},
+        pages = {},
 archivePrefix = {arXiv},
        eprint = {1909.11230},
  primaryClass = {astro-ph.IM},